FACTORISATION 145
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Factors of natural numbers
You will remember what you learnt about factors in Class VI. Let us take a natural number,
say 30, and write it as a product of other natural numbers, say
30 = 2 × 15
= 3 × 10 = 5 × 6
Thus, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30 are the factors of 30.
Of these, 2, 3 and 5 are the prime factors of 30 (Why?)
A number written as a product of prime factors is said to
be in the prime factor form; for example, 30 written as
2 × 3 × 5 is in the prime factor form.
The prime factor form of 70 is 2 × 5 × 7.
The prime factor form of 90 is 2 × 3 × 3 × 5, and so on.
Similarly, we can express algebraic expressions as products of their factors. This is
what we shall learn to do in this chapter.
12.1.2 Factors of algebraic expressions
We have seen in Class VII that in algebraic expressions, terms are formed as products of
factors. For example, in the algebraic expression 5xy + 3x the term 5xy has been formed
by the factors 5, x and y, i.e.,
5xy =
yx
×
×
5
Observe that the factors 5, x and y of 5xy cannot further
be expressed as a product of factors. We may say that 5,
x and y are ‘prime’ factors of 5xy. In algebraic expressions,
we use the word ‘irreducible’ in place of ‘prime’. We say that
5 × x × y is the irreducible form of 5xy. Note 5 × (xy) is not
an irreducible form of 5xy, since the factor xy can be further
expressed as a product of x and y, i.e., xy = x × y.
Factorisation
CHAPTER
12
Note 1 is a factor of 5xy, since
5xy =
yx
×
×
×
51
In fact, 1 is a factor of every term. As
in the case of natural numbers, unless
it is specially required, we do not show
1 as a separate factor of any term.
We know that 30 can also be written as
30 = 1 × 30
Thus, 1 and 30 are also factors of 30.
You will notice that 1 is a factor of any
number. For example, 101 = 1 × 101.
However, when we write a number as a
product of factors, we shall not write 1 as
a factor, unless it is specially required.
Rationalised 2023-24
146 MATHEMATICS
Next consider the expression 3x (x + 2). It can be written as a product of factors.
3, x and (x + 2)
3x(x + 2) =
(
)
23 +×× xx
The factors 3, x and (x +2) are irreducible factors of 3x
(
x + 2).
Similarly, the expression 10x (x + 2) (y + 3) is expressed in its irreducible factor form
as 10x (x + 2) (y + 3) =
(
)
(
)
2 5 2 3x x y× × × + × +
.
12.2 What is Factorisation?
When we factorise an algebraic expression, we write it as a product of factors. These
factors may be numbers, algebraic variables or algebraic expressions.
Expressions like 3xy,
yx
2
5
, 2x (y + 2), 5 (y + 1) (x + 2) are already in factor form.
Their factors can be just read off from them, as we already know.
On the other hand consider expressions like 2
x + 4, 3x + 3y, x
2
+ 5x, x
2
+ 5x + 6.
It is not obvious what their factors are. We need to develop systematic methods to factorise
these expressions, i.e., to find their factors. This is what we shall do now.
12.2.1 Method of common factors
• We begin with a simple example: Factorise 2x + 4.
We shall write each term as a product of irreducible factors;
2x = 2 × x
4 = 2 × 2
Hence 2x + 4 = (2 × x) + (2 × 2)
Notice that factor 2 is common to both the terms.
Observe, by distributive law
2 × (x + 2) = (2 × x) + (2 × 2)
Therefore, we can write
2x + 4 = 2 × (x + 2) = 2 (x + 2)
Thus, the expression 2x + 4 is the same as 2 (x + 2). Now we can read off its factors:
they are 2 and (x + 2). These factors are irreducible.
Next, factorise 5xy + 10x.
The irreducible factor forms of 5xy and 10x are respectively,
5xy = 5 × x × y
10x = 2 × 5 × x
Observe that the two terms have 5 and x as common factors. Now,
5xy + 10x = (5 × x × y) + (5 × x × 2)
= (5x × y) + (5x × 2)
We combine the two terms using the distributive law,
(5x× y) + (5x× 2) = 5x × ( y + 2)
Therefore, 5xy + 10x = 5 x (y + 2). (This is the desired factor form.)
Rationalised 2023-24
FACTORISATION 147
TRY THESE
Example 1: Factorise 12a
2
b + 15ab
2
Solution: We have 12a
2
b
= 2 × 2 × 3 × a × a × b
15ab
2
= 3 × 5 × a × b × b
The two terms have 3, a and b as common factors.
Therefore, 12a
2
b + 15ab
2
= (3 × a × b × 2 × 2 × a) + (3 × a × b × 5 × b)
= 3 × a × b × [(2 × 2 × a) + (5 × b)]
= 3ab × (4a + 5b)
= 3ab (4a + 5b) (required factor form)
Example 2: Factorise 10x
2
– 18x
3
+ 14
x
4
Solution: 10x
2
= 2 × 5 × x × x
18x
3
= 2 × 3 × 3 × x × x × x
14x
4
= 2 × 7 × x × x × x × x
The common factors of the three terms are 2, x and x.
Therefore, 10x
2
– 18x
3
+ 14x
4
= (2 × x × x × 5) – (2 × x × x × 3 × 3 × x)
+ (2 × x × x × 7 × x × x)
= 2 × x × x ×[(5 – (3 × 3 × x) + (7 × x × x)]
= 2x
2
×
(5 – 9x + 7x
2
) =
2 2
2 (7 9 5)
x x x
− +
Factorise: (i) 12x + 36 (ii) 22y – 33z (iii) 14pq + 35pqr
12.2.2 Factorisation by regrouping terms
Look at the expression 2xy + 2y + 3x + 3. You will notice that the first two terms have
common factors 2 and y and the last two terms have a common factor 3. But there is no
single factor common to all the terms. How shall we proceed?
Let us write (2xy + 2y) in the factor form:
2xy + 2y = (2 × x × y) + (2 × y)
= (2 × y × x) + (2 ×
y × 1)
= (2y × x) + (2y × 1) = 2y (x + 1)
Similarly, 3x + 3 = (3 × x) + (3 × 1)
= 3 × (x + 1) = 3 ( x + 1)
Hence, 2xy + 2y + 3x + 3 = 2y (x + 1) + 3 (x +1)
Observe, now we have a common factor (x + 1) in both the terms on the right hand
side. Combining the two terms,
2xy + 2y + 3x + 3 = 2y (x + 1) + 3 (x + 1) = (x + 1) (2y + 3)
The expression 2xy + 2y + 3x + 3 is now in the form of a product of factors. Its
factors are (x + 1) and (2y + 3). Note, these factors are irreducible.
Note, we need to
show1 as a factor
here. Why?
Do you notice that the factor
form of an expression has only
one term?
(combining the three terms)
(combining the terms)
Rationalised 2023-24
148 MATHEMATICS
What is regrouping?
Suppose, the above expression was given as 2xy + 3 + 2y + 3x; then it will not be easy to
see the factorisation. Rearranging the expression, as 2xy + 2y + 3x + 3, allows us to form
groups (2xy + 2y) and (3x + 3) leading to factorisation. This is regrouping.
Regrouping may be possible in more than one ways. Suppose, we regroup the
expression as: 2xy + 3x + 2y + 3. This will also lead to factors. Let us try:
2xy + 3x + 2y + 3 = 2 × x × y + 3 × x + 2 × y + 3
= x × (2y + 3) + 1 × (2y + 3)
= (2y + 3) (x + 1)
The factors are the same (as they have to be), although they appear in different order.
Example 3: Factorise 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x.
Solution:
Step 1 Check if there is a common factor among all terms. There is none.
Step 2 Think of grouping. Notice that first two terms have a common factor 2y;
6xy – 4y = 2
y (3x – 2) (a)
What about the last two terms? Observe them. If you change their order to
– 9x + 6, the factor ( 3x – 2) will come out;
–9x + 6 = –3 (3x) + 3 (2)
= – 3 (3x – 2) (b)
Step 3 Putting (a) and (b) together,
6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x = 6xy – 4y – 9x + 6
= 2y (3x – 2) – 3 (3x – 2)
= (3x – 2) (2y – 3)
The factors of (6xy – 4y + 6 – 9 x) are (3x – 2) and (2y – 3).
EXERCISE 12.1
1. Find the common factors of the given terms.
(i) 12x, 36 (ii) 2
y, 22xy (iii) 14 pq, 28p
2
q
2
(iv) 2x, 3x
2
, 4 (v) 6 abc, 24ab
2
, 12 a
2
b
(vi) 16 x
3
, – 4x
2
, 32x (vii) 10 pq, 20qr, 30rp
(viii) 3x
2
y
3
, 10x
3
y
2
,6 x
2
y
2
z
2. Factorise the following expressions.
(i) 7x – 42 (ii) 6p – 12q (iii) 7a
2
+ 14a
(iv) – 16 z + 20 z
3
(v) 20 l
2
m + 30 a l m
(vi) 5 x
2
y – 15 xy
2
(vii) 10 a
2
– 15 b
2
+ 20 c
2
(viii) – 4 a
2
+ 4 ab – 4 ca (ix) x
2
y z + x y
2
z + x y z
2
(x) a x
2
y + b x y
2
+ c x y z
3. Factorise.
(i) x
2
+ x y + 8x + 8y (ii) 15 xy – 6x + 5y – 2
Rationalised 2023-24
FACTORISATION 149
(iii) ax + bx – ay – by (iv) 15 pq + 15 + 9q + 25p
(v) z – 7 + 7 x y – x y z
12.2.3 Factorisation using identities
We know that (a + b)
2
= a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
(I)
(a – b)
2
= a
2
– 2ab + b
2
(II)
(a + b) (a – b
) = a
2
– b
2
(III)
The following solved examples illustrate how to use these identities for factorisation. What
we do is to observe the given expression. If it has a form that fits the right hand side of one
of the identities, then the expression corresponding to the left hand side of the identity
gives the desired factorisation.
Example 4: Factorise x
2
+ 8x + 16
Solution: Observe the expression; it has three terms. Therefore, it does not fit
Identity III. Also, it’s first and third terms are perfect squares with a positive sign before
the middle term. So, it is of the form a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
where a = x and b = 4
such that a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
= x
2
+ 2 (x) (4) + 4
2
= x
2
+ 8x + 16
Since a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
= (a + b)
2
,
by comparison x
2
+ 8x + 16 = ( x + 4)
2
(the required factorisation)
Example 5: Factorise 4y
2
– 12y + 9
Solution: Observe 4y
2
= (2y)
2
, 9 = 3
2
and 12y = 2 × 3 × (2y)
Therefore, 4y
2
– 12y + 9 = (2y)
2
– 2 × 3 × (2y) + (3)
2
= ( 2y – 3)
2
(required factorisation)
Example 6: Factorise 49p
2
– 36
Solution: There are two terms; both are squares and the second is negative. The
expression is of the form (a
2
– b
2
). Identity III is applicable here;
49p
2
– 36 = (7p)
2
– ( 6 )
2
= (7p – 6 ) ( 7p + 6) (required factorisation)
Example 7: Factorise a
2
– 2ab + b
2
– c
2
Solution: The first three terms of the given expression form (a – b)
2
. The fourth term
is a square. So the expression can be reduced to a difference of two squares.
Thus, a
2
– 2ab + b
2
– c
2
= (a – b)
2
– c
2
(Applying Identity II)
= [(a – b) – c) ((a – b) + c)] (Applying Identity III)
= (a – b – c) (a – b + c) (required factorisation)
Notice, how we applied two identities one after the other to obtain the required factorisation.
Example 8: Factorise m
4
– 256
Solution:
We note m
4
= (m
2
)
2
and 256 = (16)
2
Observe here the given
expression is of the form
a
2
– 2ab + b
2
.
Where a = 2y, and b = 3
with 2ab = 2 × 2y × 3 = 12y.
Rationalised 2023-24
150 MATHEMATICS
Thus, the given expression fits Identity III.
Therefore, m
4
– 256 = (m
2
)
2
– (16)
2
= (m
2
–16) (
m
2
+16) [(using Identity (III)]
Now, (m
2
+ 16) cannot be factorised further, but (m
2
–16) is factorisable again as per
Identity III.
m
2
–16 = m
2
– 4
2
= (m – 4) (m + 4)
Therefore, m
4
– 256 = (m – 4) (m + 4) (m
2
+16)
12.2.4 Factors of the form (
xx
xx
x +
aa
aa
a) (
xx
x
x
x +
bb
bb
b)
Let us now discuss how we can factorise expressions in one variable, like x
2
+ 5x + 6,
y
2
– 7y + 12, z
2
– 4z – 12, 3m
2
+ 9m + 6, etc. Observe that these expressions are not
of the type (a + b)
2
or (a – b)
2
, i.e., they are not perfect squares. For example, in
x
2
+ 5x + 6, the term 6 is not a perfect square. These expressions obviously also do not
fit the type (a
2
– b
2
) either.
They, however, seem to be of the type x
2
+ (a + b) x + a b. We may therefore, try to
use Identity IV studied in the last chapter to factorise these expressions:
(x + a) (x + b) = x
2
+ (a + b) x + ab (IV)
For that we have to look at the coefficients of x and the constant term. Let us see how
it is done in the following example.
Example 9: Factorise x
2
+ 5x + 6
Solution: If we compare the R.H.S. of Identity (IV) with x
2
+ 5x + 6, we find ab = 6,
and a + b = 5. From this, we must obtain a and b. The factors then will be
(x + a) and (x + b).
If a b = 6, it means that a and b are factors of 6. Let us try a = 6, b = 1. For these
values a + b = 7, and not 5, So this choice is not right.
Let us try a = 2, b = 3. For this a + b = 5 exactly as required.
The factorised form of this given expression is then (x +2) (x + 3).
In general, for factorising an algebraic expression of the type x
2
+ px + q, we find two
factors a and b of q (i.e., the constant term) such that
ab = q and a + b = p
Then, the expression becomes x
2
+ (a + b) x + ab
or x
2
+ ax + bx + ab
or x(x + a) + b(x + a)
or (x + a) (x + b) which are the required factors.
Example 10: Find the factors of y
2
–7y +12.
Solution: We note 12 = 3 × 4 and 3 + 4 = 7. Therefore,
y
2
– 7y+ 12 = y
2
– 3y – 4y + 12
= y (y –3) – 4 (y –3) = (y –3) (y – 4)
Rationalised 2023-24
FACTORISATION 151
Note, this time we did not compare the expression with that in Identity (IV) to identify
a and b. After sufficient practice you may not need to compare the given expressions for
their factorisation with the expressions in the identities; instead you can proceed directly
as we did above.
Example 11: Obtain the factors of z
2
– 4z – 12.
Solution: Here a b = –12 ; this means one of a and b is negative. Further, a + b = – 4,
this means the one with larger numerical value is negative. We try a = – 4, b = 3; but
this will not work, since a + b = –1. Next possible values are a
= – 6, b = 2, so that
a + b = – 4 as required.
Hence, z
2
– 4z –12 = z
2
– 6z + 2z –12
= z(z – 6) + 2(z – 6 )
= (z – 6) (z + 2)
Example 12: Find the factors of 3m
2
+ 9m + 6.
Solution: We notice that 3 is a common factor of all the terms.
Therefore, 3m
2
+ 9m + 6 = 3(m
2
+ 3m + 2)
Now, m
2
+ 3m + 2 = m
2
+ m + 2m + 2 (as 2 = 1 × 2)
= m(m + 1)+ 2( m + 1)
= (m + 1) (m + 2)
Therefore, 3m
2
+ 9m + 6 = 3(m + 1) (m + 2)
EXERCISE 12.2
1. Factorise the following expressions.
(i) a
2
+ 8a
+ 16 (ii) p
2
– 10 p + 25 (iii) 25m
2
+ 30m + 9
(iv) 49y
2
+ 84yz + 36z
2
(v) 4x
2
– 8x + 4
(vi) 121b
2
– 88bc + 16c
2
(vii) (l + m)
2
– 4lm (Hint: Expand ( l + m)
2
first)
(viii) a
4
+ 2a
2
b
2
+ b
4
2. Factorise.
(i) 4p
2
– 9q
2
(ii) 63a
2
– 112b
2
(iii) 49x
2
– 36
(iv) 16x
5
– 144x
3
(v) (l + m)
2
– (l – m)
2
(vi) 9x
2
y
2
– 16 (vii) (x
2
– 2xy + y
2
) – z
2
(viii) 25a
2
– 4b
2
+ 28bc – 49c
2
3. Factorise the expressions.
(i) ax
2
+ bx (ii) 7p
2
+ 21q
2
(iii) 2x
3
+ 2xy
2
+ 2xz
2
(iv) am
2
+ bm
2
+ bn
2
+ an
2
(v) (lm + l) + m + 1
(vi) y (y + z) + 9 (y + z) (vii) 5y
2
– 20y – 8z + 2yz
(viii) 10ab + 4a
+ 5b
+ 2 (ix) 6xy – 4y + 6 – 9x
Rationalised 2023-24
152 MATHEMATICS
4. Factorise.
(i) a
4
– b
4
(ii) p
4
– 81 (iii) x
4
– (y + z)
4
(iv) x
4
– (x – z)
4
(v) a
4
– 2a
2
b
2
+ b
4
5. Factorise the following expressions.
(i) p
2
+ 6p + 8 (ii) q
2
– 10q + 21 (iii) p
2
+ 6p
– 16
12.3 Division of Algebraic Expressions
We have learnt how to add and subtract algebraic expressions. We also know how to
multiply two expressions. We have not however, looked at division of one algebraic
expression by another. This is what we wish to do in this section.
We recall that division is the inverse operation of multiplication. Thus, 7 × 8 = 56 gives
56 ÷ 8 = 7 or 56 ÷ 7 = 8.
We may similarly follow the division of algebraic expressions. For example,
(i) 2x × 3x
2
= 6x
3
Therefore, 6x
3
÷ 2x = 3x
2
and also, 6x
3
÷ 3x
2
= 2x.
(ii) 5x (x + 4) = 5x
2
+ 20x
Therefore, (5x
2
+ 20x) ÷ 5x = x + 4
and also (5x
2
+ 20x) ÷ (x + 4) = 5x.
We shall now look closely at how the division of one expression by another can be
carried out. To begin with we shall consider the division of a monomial by another monomial.
12.3.1 Division of a monomial by another monomial
Consider 6x
3
÷ 2x
We may write 2x and 6x
3
in irreducible factor forms,
2x = 2 × x
6x
3
= 2 × 3 × x × x × x
Now we group factors of 6x
3
to separate 2x,
6x
3
= 2 × x × (3 × x × x) = (2x) × (3x
2
)
Therefore, 6x
3
÷ 2x = 3x
2
.
A shorter way to depict cancellation of common factors is as we do in division of numbers:
77 ÷ 7 =
77
7
=
7 11
7
×
= 11
Similarly, 6x
3
÷ 2x =
3
6
2
x
x
=
2 3
2
x x x
x
× × × ×
×
= 3 × x × x = 3x
2
Example 13: Do the following divisions.
(i) –20x
4
÷ 10x
2
(ii) 7x
2
y
2
z
2
÷ 14xyz
Solution:
(i) –20x
4
= –2 × 2 × 5 ×
x × x × x × x
10x
2
= 2 × 5 × x × x
Rationalised 2023-24
FACTORISATION 153
TRY THESE
Therefore, (–20x
4
)
÷ 10x
2
=
2 2 5
2 5
x x x x
x x
− × × × × × ×
× × ×
= –2 × x × x = –2x
2
(ii) 7
x
2
y
2
z
2
÷ 14
xyz =
7
2 7
x x y y z z
x y z
× × × × × ×
× × × ×
=
2
x y z
× ×
=
1
2
xyz
Divide.
(i) 24xy
2
z
3
by 6yz
2
(ii) 63a
2
b
4
c
6
by 7a
2
b
2
c
3
12.3.2 Division of a polynomial by a monomial
Let us consider the division of the trinomial 4y
3
+ 5y
2
+ 6y by the monomial 2y.
4y
3
+ 5y
2
+ 6y = (2 × 2 × y × y × y) + (5 × y × y) + (2 × 3 × y)
(Here, we expressed each term of the polynomial in factor form) we find that 2 × y is
common in each term. Therefore, separating 2 × y from each term. We get
4y
3
+ 5y
2
+ 6y =2 × y × (2 ×
y × y) + 2 × y ×
5
2
×
y
+ 2 × y × 3
= 2y (2y
2
) + 2y
5
2
y
+ 2y (3)
=
2 2
5
2
3
2
y y y+ +
(The common factor 2y is shown separately.
Therefore, (4y
3
+ 5y
2
+ 6y) ÷ 2y
=
2
3 2
5
2 (2 3)
4 5 6
2
2 2
y y y
y y y
y y
+ +
+ +
=
= 2y
2
+
5
2
y + 3
Alternatively, we could divide each term of the trinomial by the
monomial using the cancellation method.
(4y
3
+ 5y
2
+ 6y) ÷ 2y =
3 2
4 5 6
2
y y y
y
+ +
=
3 2
4 5 6
2 2 2
y y y
y y y
+ +
= 2y
2
+
5
2
y
+ 3
Example 14: Divide 24(x
2
yz + xy
2
z + xyz
2
) by 8xyz using both the methods.
Solution: 24 (x
2
yz + xy
2
z + xyz
2
)
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × [(x × x × y × z) + (x × y × y × z) + (x × y × z × z)]
= 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × x × y × z × (
x + y + z) = 8 × 3 × xyz × (x + y + z)
Therefore, 24 (x
2
yz + xy
2
z + xyz
2
) ÷ 8xyz
=
8 3 ( )
8
xyz x y z
xyz
× × × + +
×
= 3 × (x + y + z) = 3 (x + y + z)
Here, we divide
each term of the
polynomial in the
numerator by the
monomial in the
denominator.
(By taking out the
common factor)
Rationalised 2023-24
154 MATHEMATICS
Alternately,24(x
2
yz + xy
2
z + xyz
2
) ÷ 8xyz =
2 2 2
24 24 24
8 8 8
x yz xy z xyz
xyz xyz xyz
+ +
= 3
x + 3
y + 3
z = 3(x + y + z)
12.4 Division of Algebraic Expressions Continued
(Polynomial
÷
÷
÷
÷
÷ Polynomial)
• Consider (7x
2
+ 14x) ÷ (x + 2)
We shall factorise (7x
2
+ 14x) first to check and match factors with the denominator:
7x
2
+ 14x = (7 × x × x) + (2 × 7 × x)
= 7 × x × (x + 2) = 7x(x + 2)
Now (7x
2
+ 14x) ÷ (x + 2) =
2
7 14
2
x x
x
+
+
=
7 ( 2)
2
x x
x
+
+
= 7x (Cancelling the factor (x + 2))
Example 15: Divide 44(x
4
– 5x
3
– 24x
2
) by 11x (x – 8)
Solution: Factorising 44(x
4
– 5x
3
– 24x
2
), we get
44(x
4
– 5x
3
– 24x
2
) = 2 × 2 × 11 × x
2
(x
2
– 5x – 24)
(taking the common factor x
2
out of the bracket)
= 2 × 2 × 11 × x
2
(x
2
– 8x + 3x – 24)
= 2 × 2 × 11 × x
2
[x (x – 8) + 3(x – 8)]
= 2 × 2 × 11 × x
2
(x + 3) (x – 8)
Therefore, 44(
x
4
– 5x
3
– 24x
2
) ÷ 11x(x – 8)
=
2 2 11 ( 3) ( – 8)
11 ( – 8)
x x x x
x x
× × × × × + ×
× ×
= 2 × 2 × x (x + 3) = 4x(x + 3)
Example 16: Divide z(5z
2
– 80) by 5z(z + 4)
Solution: Dividend = z(5z
2
– 80)
= z[(5 × z
2
) – (5 × 16)]
= z × 5 × (z
2
– 16)
= 5z × (z + 4) (z – 4) [using the identity
a
2
– b
2
= (a + b) (a – b
)]
Thus, z(5z
2
– 80) ÷ 5z(z + 4) =
5 ( 4) ( 4)
5 ( 4)
z z z
z z
− +
+
= (z – 4)
Will it help here to
divide each term of
the numerator by
the binomial in the
denominator?
We cancel the factors 11,
x and (x – 8) common to
both the numerator and
denominator.
Rationalised 2023-24
FACTORISATION 155
EXERCISE 12.3
1. Carry out the following divisions.
(i) 28x
4
÷ 56x (ii) –36y
3
÷ 9y
2
(iii) 66pq
2
r
3
÷ 11
qr
2
(iv) 34x
3
y
3
z
3
÷ 51xy
2
z
3
(v) 12a
8
b
8
÷ (– 6a
6
b
4
)
2. Divide the given polynomial by the given monomial.
(i) (5x
2
– 6x) ÷ 3x (ii) (3y
8
– 4y
6
+ 5y
4
) ÷ y
4
(iii) 8(x
3
y
2
z
2
+ x
2
y
3
z
2
+ x
2
y
2
z
3
) ÷ 4x
2
y
2
z
2
(iv) (x
3
+ 2x
2
+ 3x) ÷ 2x
(v) (p
3
q
6
– p
6
q
3
) ÷ p
3
q
3
3. Work out the following divisions.
(i) (10x – 25) ÷ 5 (ii) (10x – 25) ÷ (2x – 5)
(iii) 10y(6y + 21) ÷ 5(2y + 7) (iv) 9x
2
y
2
(3z – 24) ÷ 27xy(z – 8)
(v) 96abc(3a – 12) (5b – 30) ÷ 144(a – 4) (b – 6)
4. Divide as directed.
(i) 5(2x + 1) (3x + 5) ÷ (2x + 1) (ii) 26xy(x + 5) (y – 4) ÷ 13x(y – 4)
(iii) 52pqr (p + q) (q + r) (r + p) ÷ 104pq(q + r) (r + p)
(iv) 20(y + 4) (y
2
+ 5y + 3) ÷ 5(y + 4) (v) x(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) ÷ x(x + 1)
5. Factorise the expressions and divide them as directed.
(i) (y
2
+ 7y + 10) ÷ (y + 5) (ii) (m
2
– 14m – 32) ÷ (m + 2)
(iii) (5p
2
– 25p + 20) ÷ (p – 1) (iv) 4yz(z
2
+ 6z – 16) ÷ 2y(z + 8)
(v) 5pq(p
2
– q
2
) ÷ 2p(p + q)
(vi) 12xy(9x
2
– 16y
2
) ÷ 4xy(3x + 4y) (vii) 39y
3
(50y
2
– 98) ÷ 26y
2
(5y + 7)
WHAT HAVE WE DISCUSSED?
1. When we factorise an expression, we write it as a product of factors. These factors may be
numbers, algebraic variables or algebraic expressions.
2. An irreducible factor is a factor which cannot be expressed further as a product of factors.
3. A systematic way of factorising an expression is the common factor method. It consists of
three steps: (i) Write each term of the expression as a product of irreducible factors (ii) Look
for and separate the common factors and (iii) Combine the remaining factors in each term in
accordance with the distributive law.
4. Sometimes, all the terms in a given expression do not have a common factor; but the terms can
be grouped in such a way that all the terms in each group have a common factor. When we do
this, there emerges a common factor across all the groups leading to the required factorisation
of the expression. This is the method of regrouping.
5. In factorisation by regrouping, we should remember that any regrouping (i.e., rearrangement)
of the terms in the given expression may not lead to factorisation. We must observe the
expression and come out with the desired regrouping by trial and error.
Rationalised 2023-24
156 MATHEMATICS
6. A number of expressions to be factorised are of the form or can be put into the form : a
2
+ 2 ab
+ b
2
,
a
2
– 2ab
+ b
2
, a
2
– b
2
and x
2
+ (a
+ b
) + ab
. These expressions can be easily factorised using
Identities I, II, III and IV.
a
2
+ 2 ab
+ b
2
= (a + b)
2
a
2
– 2ab + b
2
= (a – b)
2
a
2
– b
2
= (a + b) (a – b)
x
2
+ (a + b) x + ab = (x + a) (x + b)
7. In expressions which have factors of the type (x + a) (x + b), remember the numerical term gives ab. Its
factors, a and b, should be so chosen that their sum, with signs taken care of, is the coefficient of x.
8. We know that in the case of numbers, division is the inverse of multiplication. This idea is applicable
also to the division of algebraic expressions.
9. In the case of division of a polynomial by a monomial, we may carry out the division either by
dividing each term of the polynomial by the monomial or by the common factor method.
10. In the case of division of a polynomial by a polynomial, we cannot proceed by dividing each term
in the dividend polynomial by the divisor polynomial. Instead, we factorise both the polynomials
and cancel their common factors.
11. In the case of divisions of algebraic expressions that we studied in this chapter, we have
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient.
In general, however, the relation is
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Thus, we have considered in the present chapter only those divisions in which the remainder
is zero.
Rationalised 2023-24
