
FACTORISATION 145
12.1 Introduction
12.1.1 Factors of natural numbers
You will remember what you learnt about factors in Class VI. Let us take a natural number,
say 30, and write it as a product of other natural numbers, say
30 = 2 × 15
= 3 × 10 = 5 × 6
Thus, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 10, 15 and 30 are the factors of 30.
Of these, 2, 3 and 5 are the prime factors of 30 (Why?)
A number written as a product of prime factors is said to
be in the prime factor form; for example, 30 written as
2 × 3 × 5 is in the prime factor form.
The prime factor form of 70 is 2 × 5 × 7.
The prime factor form of 90 is 2 × 3 × 3 × 5, and so on.
Similarly, we can express algebraic expressions as products of their factors. This is
what we shall learn to do in this chapter.
12.1.2 Factors of algebraic expressions
We have seen in Class VII that in algebraic expressions, terms are formed as products of
factors. For example, in the algebraic expression 5xy + 3x the term 5xy has been formed
by the factors 5, x and y, i.e.,
5xy =
Observe that the factors 5, x and y of 5xy cannot further
be expressed as a product of factors. We may say that 5,
x and y are ‘prime’ factors of 5xy. In algebraic expressions,
we use the word ‘irreducible’ in place of ‘prime’. We say that
5 × x × y is the irreducible form of 5xy. Note 5 × (xy) is not
an irreducible form of 5xy, since the factor xy can be further
expressed as a product of x and y, i.e., xy = x × y.
Factorisation
CHAPTER
12
Note 1 is a factor of 5xy, since
5xy =
In fact, 1 is a factor of every term. As
in the case of natural numbers, unless
it is specially required, we do not show
1 as a separate factor of any term.
We know that 30 can also be written as
30 = 1 × 30
Thus, 1 and 30 are also factors of 30.
You will notice that 1 is a factor of any
number. For example, 101 = 1 × 101.
However, when we write a number as a
product of factors, we shall not write 1 as
a factor, unless it is specially required.